How they do it: For products directly sold by Amazon in its online store, Amazon controls the whole value chain starting from the point of finished manufacturing. Own branded items allow the company to determine price and availability in its store and also allow for preferred promotion of own-brand products with a potential higher margin.
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How they do it: Lufthansa’s product offering to passenger is the flight from location A to B. However, the company performs only the actual flight but not the process steps before and after such as baggage handling, airport service and maitenance etc.. This is usually performed by 3rd parties which are not paid by the customer though but paid for by Lufthansa.
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How they do it: Aravind pioneered an outreach program wherein a team of professionals reach out to remote villages to conduct eye camps sponsored by community based organizations. Patients requiring further care or surgery are taken back to the hospital and treated for free.
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How they do it: Standard Oil Company’s successful, but illegal, integrator strategy ultimately lead to its demise. In a landmark case, the U.S. Supreme Court dismantled it in 1911, as it was ruled to be an illegal monopoly. Standard Oil dominated the oil products market initially through horizontal integration in the refining sector, then, in later years vertical integration alongside the value chain, streamlining production and logistics, lowering costs, and undercutting competitors.
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